This section is dedicated to motivate the subsequent theoretical concepts, introducing a mapping of physical fields to a concise computational framework. One of the fundamental concepts of mathematical physics is that of a field, a spatial distribution of mathematical objects representing a physical quantity [35]. Most of the currently known physical theories build on a common structure [31] emphasizing the following:
Here, Maxwell's equations [52] are briefly introduced, which are extraordinarily important in a special field of scientific computing. It was shown [31,24] that most of the physical theories can be treated similarly, sometimes called the Tonti-diagram, due to the intrinsic nature and structure of the physical concepts. Here, the classic theory of electromagnetics and the macroscopic electric and magnetic phenomena including their interactions are introduced. The following four space-time dependent vector fields are considered:
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(1.5) |
If the surfaces and volumes are stationary with respect to the inertial reference frame of field vectors, the local differential versions of the Maxwell equations can be used:
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(1.6) |
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(1.7) |
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(1.8) |
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(1.9) |
The differential versions of Maxwell equations are much less general than the integral laws. The differential laws assume differentiability of the field vectors with respect to spatial coordinates and time. However, there can be discontinuities in fields at material interfaces, so that it is not possible to deduce the proper interface conditions from the differential laws. Therefore, the global integral laws have to be used to derive interface conditions which give relations for the fields at material or media interfaces:
The integral formulation contains geometric dimensional attributes such as volume or line objects, where the corresponding physical quantities can be calculated. Also, this formulation contains additional topological information, such that an area has to be the surface of a given volume. This information is not given by the differential expression. For the transition to the finite regime of the computer additional information has to be processed to maintain the given structure of physical fields.
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Both of these formulations do not contain the important information of
the given orientation of the underlying geometrical objects, which is
required to assign signs to the given quantities. An example
regarding this orientation is the direction of
through an
area, a so-called external orientation, because the direction arrow
used is not part of the area itself. Another example is the electric
field associated with an internally oriented line segment, which means
that the direction arrow is directly associated with the object under
consideration. See Figure 1.1 for
an overview, where the top line depicts internally oriented objects
and the bottom line shows the externally oriented objects with their
corresponding dimension.
states a zero-dimensional object, a point
with a source sink orientation,
a one-dimensional object (line)
with a direction,
a two-dimensional object (area) with a
circulation direction, and finally rotation direction for a
three-dimensional object (volume)
. The corresponding externally
oriented objects are given by
. As can be seen, the internal orientation can be described by
directions within the given objects, whereas the external orientation
requires an additional direction outside the object.
The transition of this modeling step to the regime of the computer
demands an additional approximation, the reformulation of the given
integral problem in discrete terms with additional orientation
information. Based on the given configuration of geometrical objects,
the following table associates each physical quantity with the
corresponding dimension, orientation, and time attribute. In the
following table,
states that the line
is actually
multiplied by a time interval
, where
means discrete time
frames.
dimension | physical quantity | internally oriented object | externally oriented object |
1D |
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line | |
2D |
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area | |
2D |
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area | |
3D |
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volume | |
1D |
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line | |
2D |
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area | |
0D |
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point | |
1D |
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line |
The necessity of a primary and secondary cell complex can also be easily seen here. The requirement of housing the global physical quantities of a problem implies that both objects with internal orientation and objects with external orientation must be available. Hence, two logically distinct meshes must be defined, one with internal and the other with external orientation.
For general field problems the given Maxwell's equations are not
sufficient to determine the electromagnetic field since there are six
independent equations in twelve unknowns
. To obtain a consistent equation system, so-called
constitutive laws have to be introduced additionally. Then, the given
system of equations can be identified by two different classes,
whereas the first class represents the structure of a given physical
problem [32].
For the simple case of linear isotropic media, the constitute laws are given by:
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(1.14) |
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(1.15) |
The final step towards a complete discrete representation is the association of all given quantities by their corresponding geometrical object. Starting with the global expression
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(1.16) |
which can be written with the complete dimensional information as:
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(1.17) |
This expression can be stated by global quantities only and in a
four-dimensional space-time where also a four-dimensional geometrical
depiction can be given, where
represents the associated
quantity on a
object:
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(1.18) |
It must be mentioned that this expression does not use any material properties and is therefore not an approximation, hence a representation of physical quantities by their intrinsic discrete nature. As an introductory example and a static time frame the expression can be rewritten as:
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(1.19) |
By using a, e.g., three-dimensional cell
, and the
corresponding boundary of this cell
, the
expression yields:
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(1.20) |
To highlight the relation between the cell and the physical quantity,
the following pairing
can be stated:
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(1.21) |
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(1.22) |
The following sections now introduce the necessary theoretical concepts to develop a complete and concise framework for this topic. One the one hand, the topological and geometrical concepts are given to handle the underlying discretization of space. On the other hand, concepts required for handling physical quantities and their corresponding operations are introduced. The final goal of this section is to transfer the given physical quantities to the finite regime of the computer without loss of information regarding their dimension, orientation, and pairing with the corresponding geometrical object.