\(\newcommand{\footnotename}{footnote}\) \(\def \LWRfootnote {1}\) \(\newcommand {\footnote }[2][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\footnotemark }[1][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\let \LWRorighspace \hspace \) \(\renewcommand {\hspace }{\ifstar \LWRorighspace \LWRorighspace }\) \(\newcommand {\mathnormal }[1]{{#1}}\) \(\newcommand \ensuremath [1]{#1}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRframebox }[2][]{\fbox {#2}} \newcommand {\framebox }[1][]{\LWRframebox } \) \(\newcommand {\setlength }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\addtolength }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\setcounter }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\addtocounter }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\arabic }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\number }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\noalign }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\) \(\newcommand {\cline }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\directlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\) \(\newcommand {\luatexdirectlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\) \(\newcommand {\protect }{}\) \(\def \LWRabsorbnumber #1 {}\) \(\def \LWRabsorbquotenumber "#1 {}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRabsorboption }[1][]{}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRabsorbtwooptions }[1][]{\LWRabsorboption }\) \(\def \mathchar {\ifnextchar "\LWRabsorbquotenumber \LWRabsorbnumber }\) \(\def \mathcode #1={\mathchar }\) \(\let \delcode \mathcode \) \(\let \delimiter \mathchar \) \(\let \LWRref \ref \) \(\renewcommand {\ref }{\ifstar \LWRref \LWRref }\) \(\newcommand {\toprule }[1][]{\hline }\) \(\let \midrule \toprule \) \(\let \bottomrule \toprule \) \(\def \LWRbooktabscmidruleparen (#1)#2{}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRbooktabscmidrulenoparen }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\cmidrule }[1][]{\ifnextchar (\LWRbooktabscmidruleparen \LWRbooktabscmidrulenoparen }\) \(\newcommand {\morecmidrules }{}\) \(\newcommand {\specialrule }[3]{\hline }\) \(\newcommand {\addlinespace }[1][]{}\) \(\def \LWRpagenote {1}\) \(\newcommand {\pagenote }[2][\LWRpagenote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Vg }{V_\mathrm {G}}\) \(\newcommand {\Vd }{V_\mathrm {D}}\) \(\newcommand {\Vdd }{V_\mathrm {DD}}\) \(\newcommand {\interface }{Si/SiO$_2$}\) \(\newcommand {\sio }{SiO$_2$}\) \(\newcommand {\VgVd }{\{$V_\mathrm {G},V_\mathrm {D}$\}}\) \(\newcommand {\taue }{$\tau _\mathrm {e}$}\) \(\newcommand {\tauc }{$\tau _\mathrm {c}$}\) \(\newcommand {\eox }{$F_\mathrm {ox}$}\) \(\newcommand {\idx }{_{i,j}}\) \(\newcommand {\idxrm }{_\mathrm {i,j}}\) \(\newcommand {\kb }{k_\mathrm {B}}\) \(\newcommand {\nmpeq }{NMP$_\mathrm {eq.}$}\) \(\newcommand {\nmpeqext }{NMP$_\mathrm {eq.+II}$}\) \(\newcommand {\nmpneq }{NMP$_\mathrm {neq.}$}\) \(\newcommand {\units }[2]{$\SI {#1}{#2}$}\) \(\newcommand {\fptOne }{$\tau _\mathrm {e,FPT}^{1^\prime ,1}$}\) \(\newcommand {\fptTwo }{$\tau _\mathrm {e,FPT}^{2^\prime ,1}$}\) \(\newcommand {\ts }{$t_\mathrm {s}$}\) \(\newcommand {\dvth }{\Delta V_\mathrm {th}}\) \(\newcommand {\Pb }{$P_\mathrm {b}$}\) \(\newcommand {\Pbzero }{$P_\mathrm {b0}$}\) \(\newcommand {\Pbone }{$P_\mathrm {b1}$}\) \(\newcommand {\Nit }{$N_\mathrm {it}(x)$}\) \( \newcommand {\multicolumn }[3]{#3}\) \(\newcommand {\tothe }[1]{^{#1}}\) \(\newcommand {\raiseto }[2]{{#2}^{#1}}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxEND }{}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxang #1;#2;#3;#4\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#1}{}{\num {#1}\degree }\ifblank {#2}{}{\num {#2}^{\unicode {x2032}}}\ifblank {#3}{}{\num {#3}^{\unicode {x2033}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\ang }[2][]{\LWRsiunitxang #2;;;\LWRsiunitxEND }\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific }[2]{\ifblank {#1}{}{\ifstrequal {#1}{-}{-}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\times }}10^{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}} }\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumplus #1+#2+#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2} {\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}}{\ifblank {#1}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\unicode {x02B}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumminus #1-#2-#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2} {\LWRsiunitxnumplus #1+++\LWRsiunitxEND }{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\unicode {x02212}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumpm #1+-#2+-#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumminus #1---\LWRsiunitxEND }{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\unicode {x0B1}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumx #1x#2x#3x#4\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumpm #1+-+-\LWRsiunitxEND }{\ifblank {#3}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\times \LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\times \LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}\times \LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#3}}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumD #1D#2D#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumx #1xxxxx\LWRsiunitxEND }{\mathrm {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific {#1}{#2}}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumd #1d#2d#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumD #1DDD\LWRsiunitxEND }{\mathrm {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific {#1}{#2}}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumE #1E#2E#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumd #1ddd\LWRsiunitxEND }{\mathrm {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific {#1}{#2}}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnume #1e#2e#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumE #1EEE\LWRsiunitxEND }{\mathrm {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific {#1}{#2}}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumcomma #1,#2,#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2} {\LWRsiunitxnume #1eee\LWRsiunitxEND } {\LWRsiunitxnume #1.#2eee\LWRsiunitxEND } }\) \(\newcommand {\num }[2][]{\LWRsiunitxnumcomma #2,,,\LWRsiunitxEND }\) \(\newcommand {\si }[2][]{\mathrm {#2}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxSIopt #1[#2]#3{{#2}\num {#1}{#3}}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxSI }[2]{\num {#1}\,{#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\SI }[2][]{\ifnextchar [{\LWRsiunitxSIopt {#2}}{\LWRsiunitxSI {#2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\numlist }[2][]{\mathrm {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\numrange }[3][]{\num {#2}\,\unicode {x2013}\,\num {#3}}\) \(\newcommand {\SIlist }[3][]{\mathrm {#2\,#3}}\) \(\newcommand {\SIrange }[4][]{\num {#2}\,#4\,\unicode {x2013}\,\num {#3}\,#4}\) \(\newcommand {\tablenum }[2][]{\mathrm {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\ampere }{\mathrm {A}}\) \(\newcommand {\candela }{\mathrm {cd}}\) \(\newcommand {\kelvin }{\mathrm {K}}\) \(\newcommand {\kilogram }{\mathrm {kg}}\) \(\newcommand {\metre }{\mathrm {m}}\) \(\newcommand {\mole }{\mathrm {mol}}\) \(\newcommand {\second }{\mathrm {s}}\) \(\newcommand {\becquerel }{\mathrm {Bq}}\) \(\newcommand {\degreeCelsius }{\unicode {x2103}}\) \(\newcommand {\coulomb }{\mathrm {C}}\) \(\newcommand {\farad }{\mathrm {F}}\) \(\newcommand {\gray }{\mathrm {Gy}}\) \(\newcommand {\hertz }{\mathrm {Hz}}\) \(\newcommand {\henry }{\mathrm {H}}\) \(\newcommand {\joule }{\mathrm {J}}\) \(\newcommand {\katal }{\mathrm {kat}}\) \(\newcommand {\lumen }{\mathrm {lm}}\) \(\newcommand {\lux }{\mathrm {lx}}\) \(\newcommand {\newton }{\mathrm {N}}\) \(\newcommand {\ohm }{\mathrm {\Omega }}\) \(\newcommand {\pascal }{\mathrm {Pa}}\) \(\newcommand {\radian }{\mathrm {rad}}\) \(\newcommand {\siemens }{\mathrm {S}}\) \(\newcommand {\sievert }{\mathrm {Sv}}\) \(\newcommand {\steradian }{\mathrm {sr}}\) \(\newcommand {\tesla }{\mathrm {T}}\) \(\newcommand {\volt }{\mathrm {V}}\) \(\newcommand {\watt }{\mathrm {W}}\) \(\newcommand {\weber }{\mathrm {Wb}}\) \(\newcommand {\day }{\mathrm {d}}\) \(\newcommand {\degree }{\mathrm {^\circ }}\) \(\newcommand {\hectare }{\mathrm {ha}}\) \(\newcommand {\hour }{\mathrm {h}}\) \(\newcommand {\litre }{\mathrm {l}}\) \(\newcommand {\liter }{\mathrm {L}}\) \(\newcommand {\arcminute }{^\prime }\) \(\newcommand {\minute }{\mathrm {min}}\) \(\newcommand {\arcsecond }{^{\prime \prime }}\) \(\newcommand {\tonne }{\mathrm {t}}\) \(\newcommand {\astronomicalunit }{au}\) \(\newcommand {\atomicmassunit }{u}\) \(\newcommand {\bohr }{\mathit {a}_0}\) \(\newcommand {\clight }{\mathit {c}_0}\) \(\newcommand {\dalton }{\mathrm {D}_\mathrm {a}}\) \(\newcommand {\electronmass }{\mathit {m}_{\mathrm {e}}}\) \(\newcommand {\electronvolt }{\mathrm {eV}}\) \(\newcommand {\elementarycharge }{\mathit {e}}\) \(\newcommand {\hartree }{\mathit {E}_{\mathrm {h}}}\) \(\newcommand {\planckbar }{\mathit {\unicode {x210F}}}\) \(\newcommand {\angstrom }{\mathrm {\unicode {x212B}}}\) \(\let \LWRorigbar \bar \) \(\newcommand {\bar }{\mathrm {bar}}\) \(\newcommand {\barn }{\mathrm {b}}\) \(\newcommand {\bel }{\mathrm {B}}\) \(\newcommand {\decibel }{\mathrm {dB}}\) \(\newcommand {\knot }{\mathrm {kn}}\) \(\newcommand {\mmHg }{\mathrm {mmHg}}\) \(\newcommand {\nauticalmile }{\mathrm {M}}\) \(\newcommand {\neper }{\mathrm {Np}}\) \(\newcommand {\yocto }{\mathrm {y}}\) \(\newcommand {\zepto }{\mathrm {z}}\) \(\newcommand {\atto }{\mathrm {a}}\) \(\newcommand {\femto }{\mathrm {f}}\) \(\newcommand {\pico }{\mathrm {p}}\) \(\newcommand {\nano }{\mathrm {n}}\) \(\newcommand {\micro }{\mathrm {\unicode {x00B5}}}\) \(\newcommand {\milli }{\mathrm {m}}\) \(\newcommand {\centi }{\mathrm {c}}\) \(\newcommand {\deci }{\mathrm {d}}\) \(\newcommand {\deca }{\mathrm {da}}\) \(\newcommand {\hecto }{\mathrm {h}}\) \(\newcommand {\kilo }{\mathrm {k}}\) \(\newcommand {\mega }{\mathrm {M}}\) \(\newcommand {\giga }{\mathrm {G}}\) \(\newcommand {\tera }{\mathrm {T}}\) \(\newcommand {\peta }{\mathrm {P}}\) \(\newcommand {\exa }{\mathrm {E}}\) \(\newcommand {\zetta }{\mathrm {Z}}\) \(\newcommand {\yotta }{\mathrm {Y}}\) \(\newcommand {\percent }{\mathrm {\%}}\) \(\newcommand {\meter }{\mathrm {m}}\) \(\newcommand {\metre }{\mathrm {m}}\) \(\newcommand {\gram }{\mathrm {g}}\) \(\newcommand {\kg }{\kilo \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\of }[1]{_{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\squared }{^2}\) \(\newcommand {\square }[1]{\mathrm {#1}^2}\) \(\newcommand {\cubed }{^3}\) \(\newcommand {\cubic }[1]{\mathrm {#1}^3}\) \(\newcommand {\per }{/}\) \(\newcommand {\celsius }{\unicode {x2103}}\) \(\newcommand {\fg }{\femto \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\pg }{\pico \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\ng }{\nano \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\ug }{\micro \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\mg }{\milli \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\g }{\gram }\) \(\newcommand {\kg }{\kilo \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\amu }{\mathrm {u}}\) \(\newcommand {\pm }{\pico \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\nm }{\nano \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\um }{\micro \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\mm }{\milli \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\cm }{\centi \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\dm }{\deci \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\m }{\metre }\) \(\newcommand {\km }{\kilo \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\as }{\atto \second }\) \(\newcommand {\fs }{\femto \second }\) \(\newcommand {\ps }{\pico \second }\) \(\newcommand {\ns }{\nano \second }\) \(\newcommand {\us }{\micro \second }\) \(\newcommand {\ms }{\milli \second }\) \(\newcommand {\s }{\second }\) \(\newcommand {\fmol }{\femto \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\pmol }{\pico \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\nmol }{\nano \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\umol }{\micro \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\mmol }{\milli \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\mol }{\mol }\) \(\newcommand {\kmol }{\kilo \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\pA }{\pico \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\nA }{\nano \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\uA }{\micro \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\mA }{\milli \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\A }{\ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\kA }{\kilo \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\ul }{\micro \litre }\) \(\newcommand {\ml }{\milli \litre }\) \(\newcommand {\l }{\litre }\) \(\newcommand {\hl }{\hecto \litre }\) \(\newcommand {\uL }{\micro \liter }\) \(\newcommand {\mL }{\milli \liter }\) \(\newcommand {\L }{\liter }\) \(\newcommand {\hL }{\hecto \liter }\) \(\newcommand {\mHz }{\milli \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\Hz }{\hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\kHz }{\kilo \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\MHz }{\mega \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\GHz }{\giga \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\THz }{\tera \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\mN }{\milli \newton }\) \(\newcommand {\N }{\newton }\) \(\newcommand {\kN }{\kilo \newton }\) \(\newcommand {\MN }{\mega \newton }\) \(\newcommand {\Pa }{\pascal }\) \(\newcommand {\kPa }{\kilo \pascal }\) \(\newcommand {\MPa }{\mega \pascal }\) \(\newcommand {\GPa }{\giga \pascal }\) \(\newcommand {\mohm }{\milli \ohm }\) \(\newcommand {\kohm }{\kilo \ohm }\) \(\newcommand {\Mohm }{\mega \ohm }\) \(\newcommand {\pV }{\pico \volt }\) \(\newcommand {\nV }{\nano \volt }\) \(\newcommand {\uV }{\micro \volt }\) \(\newcommand {\mV }{\milli \volt }\) \(\newcommand {\V }{\volt }\) \(\newcommand {\kV }{\kilo \volt }\) \(\newcommand {\W }{\watt }\) \(\newcommand {\uW }{\micro \watt }\) \(\newcommand {\mW }{\milli \watt }\) \(\newcommand {\kW }{\kilo \watt }\) \(\newcommand {\MW }{\mega \watt }\) \(\newcommand {\GW }{\giga \watt }\) \(\newcommand {\J }{\joule }\) \(\newcommand {\uJ }{\micro \joule }\) \(\newcommand {\mJ }{\milli \joule }\) \(\newcommand {\kJ }{\kilo \joule }\) \(\newcommand {\eV }{\electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\meV }{\milli \electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\keV }{\kilo \electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\MeV }{\mega \electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\GeV }{\giga \electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\TeV }{\tera \electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\kWh }{\kilo \watt \hour }\) \(\newcommand {\F }{\farad }\) \(\newcommand {\fF }{\femto \farad }\) \(\newcommand {\pF }{\pico \farad }\) \(\newcommand {\K }{\mathrm {K}}\) \(\newcommand {\dB }{\mathrm {dB}}\) \(\newcommand {\kibi }{\mathrm {Ki}}\) \(\newcommand {\mebi }{\mathrm {Mi}}\) \(\newcommand {\gibi }{\mathrm {Gi}}\) \(\newcommand {\tebi }{\mathrm {Ti}}\) \(\newcommand {\pebi }{\mathrm {Pi}}\) \(\newcommand {\exbi }{\mathrm {Ei}}\) \(\newcommand {\zebi }{\mathrm {Zi}}\) \(\newcommand {\yobi }{\mathrm {Yi}}\) \(\newcommand {\intertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\) \(\let \Hat \hat \) \(\let \Check \check \) \(\let \Tilde \tilde \) \(\let \Acute \acute \) \(\let \Grave \grave \) \(\let \Dot \dot \) \(\let \Ddot \ddot \) \(\let \Breve \breve \) \(\let \Bar \bar \) \(\let \Vec \vec \) \(\require {physics}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsfrac }[2][/]{{}^\LWRsfracnumerator \!#1{}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\sfrac }[2][]{\def \LWRsfracnumerator {#2}\LWRsfrac }\) \(\newcommand {\nicefrac }[3][]{\mathinner {{}^{#2}\!/\!_{#3}}}\) \(\newcommand {\bm }[1]{\boldsymbol {#1}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsub #1,#2,#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\mathrm {#1}\ifblank {#2}{}{.\mathrm {#2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal }[1]{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsub #1,,,\LWRsiunitxEND }\)