2.4.1 Fluxes and Forces

The external fields modify the internal energy of the semiconductor, which defines the variables representing the thermodynamic system. The fluxes are the response to the forces that interact with the thermodynamic model of the system. They are the hole current, the electron current, and the total energy. The forces, also called affinities, are the gradients of the quasi Fermi levels and the temperature [22,34].