6.3.5 Extracted Prefactors

The prefactor B  of the log-fit for various tox   , VG,str   , and T  is displayed in Fig. 6.13. In agreement with previous experiments, it is observed that low VG,str   results in small temperature activation, while VG,str   larger than the operating voltage of the MOSFET gives a notable activation energy of 0.1eV  . Note that this value is in agreement with activation energies extracted at long stress times [106]. Fitting the data to a power-law            n
A (tstr∕t0,ref)  results in an exponent n ≈ 0.04  for short-term stress, roughly a third of the often reported n ≈ 0.12  of the long-term behavior. This is in very good accordance with the standard EA   for NBTI stress and accounts for a strong VG,str   dependence, excluding elastic hole tunneling.


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Figure 6.13: Arrhenius plot of the prefactor B  of the log-fit, extracted from three different tox   for different VG,str   . An activation energy EA   of about 0.1eV  is obtained for tox = 1.8nm  and tox = 2.2nm  , represented by the black solid line. Degradation for the tox = 5.0nm  devices was too noisy due to too low Eox ∼ (VG,str − VTH )∕tox   . Scale is equal for all plots.


Figure 6.14 represents the prefactor B  plotted for different tox   at different temperatures. In the devices with tox = 1.8nm  , all the stress voltages are above the operating voltage and result in a marked temperature activation. For tox = 2.2nm  the transition from no temperature activation to temperature activation is observed between V     = − 2.00V
  G,str  and VG,str = − 2.25V  for         ∘
T = 175 C  . For the thickest oxides used in this study, tox = 5.0nm  , the applied stress fields are too small to lead to a meaningful degradation2 . Therefore no objective statement can be made on temperature activation concerning the here presented devices with tox = 5.0nm  .


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Figure 6.14: Prefactor B  of the log-fit plotted for different tox   with different temperature T  . While tox = 1.8nm  shows a clear temperature activation, tox = 5.0nm  does not due to the low electric stress field. For tox = 2.2nm  the transition of the temperature dependence is visible at T =  175∘C  between VG,str = − 2.00V  and VG,str = − 2.25V  .


However, the experiments performed on devices with smaller oxide thicknesses support thermally activated tunneling mechanism [98] rather than elastic (and thus temperature-independent) hole tunneling [94].