The two-band k.p Hamiltonian of a [001] valley in the vicinity of the X-point of the Brillouin zone in Si must be in the form [161]:
where
are the Pauli matrices,
is the
unity matrix,
is the position of the valley minimum relative to the X-point in unstrained Si,
with
is the wave vector,
denotes the shear strain component in physics notations,
, and
is the shear strain deformation potential [161,170,179,180].
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For a square well potential the wave function is set to zero at the boundaries, which allows an analytical analysis of the subband structure.
In the two-band model the wave function is a spinor with two components. Therefore, we use the following ansatz,
Taking the determinant of (4.3) and setting it to zero results in the energy dispersion relation of the system.
with
For each energy there are four solutions for
. Fig. 4.2 shows that
is even with respect to
. Therefore, there are always two independent values
and
for the wave vector, which are complemented to four values by alternating their signs.
For energies in the gap the two values are imaginary. The wave function is then a superposition of the solutions with the four eigenvectors:
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(4.6) |
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We introduce as the ratio between
and
.
is an odd function with respect to
:
Additionally, fulfilling the boundary conditions
demands that
is satisfied.
Thus resulting in
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(4.8) |
Expressing with (4.9) and putting them into (4.10) leads to these two conditions:
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(4.11) |
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(4.12) |
and a few calculation steps found in the Appendix A., the equations can be written in the form:
For the numerical solution it is convenient to reformulate the equations as:
and
coexist in the equations. Therefore, we need an extra relation to re-express
as a function of
or vice versa, the derivation of which can be found in the Appendix A.:
Eliminating one of the two 's with (4.15) in (4.14) allows to calculate
as a function of strain
. Then one can calculate the energy as a function of strain
by using (4.4).
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Interestingly, (4.13) coincides with the dispersion relations obtained from an auxiliary tight-binding consideration [181]. For (4.13) become equivalent.
For higher strain values (4.14) must be solved numerically.
The value
becomes imaginary at high strain values. In this case the trigonometric functions in (4.13) or (4.14) are replaced by the hyperbolic ones. Special care must be taken to choose the correct branch of
in (4.13) or alternatively (4.14). The sign of
must be alternated after it becomes zero, as it is displayed in Fig. 4.3.
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Fig. 4.4 and Fig. 4.5 show the energies of the subbands as a function of shear strain for two different film thicknesses. Shear strain opens the gap between the two conduction bands at the X-point making the energy dispersion non-parabolic [179], which removes the subband degeneracy and introduces the valley splitting. Fig. 4.6 and Fig. 4.7 show the energy difference between two unprimed subbands
as a function of strain for the same quantum number
.